Abstract
Bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272) is known to selectively extract Au(III) from dilute to concentrated hydrochloric acid solutions. Therefore, Cyanex 272 can be employed in the separation of Au(III) from the hydrochloric acid leaching solutions of secondary resources containing gold metal. This work identified the extraction reaction of Au(III) by Cyanex..... More

Abstract
The recycling of critical metals like cobalt and nickel from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is of immense importance in sustainable manufacturing. This work aims to purify Co(II) and Ni(II) present in acidic and ammonia solutions using ion exchange. AG-1-X8 resin modified with thiocyanate anions (R₄N⁺SCN⁻ resin) was used to separate..... More

Abstract
A small amount of Pd(II) present in spent electroplating solutions is concentrated by cementation. In this work, a process was developed to recover pure palladium metal by selective reduction from the hydrochloric and the sulfuric acid leaching solutions of cemented zinc. For this purpose, hydrazine and ascorbic acid were employed..... More

Abstract
The smelting reduction of spent LIBs produces metallic alloys containing Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Ni. These metallic alloys can be completely dissolved by 2 M HCl solution containing H₂O₂ as an oxidizing agent. Extraction of the leaching solution with D2EHPA results in a Fe(III) free raffinate. In this work,..... More

Abstract
There is growing interest in the recovery of pure palladium (Pd) compound from cemented Pd from spent electroplating solutions due to increasing demand for Pd, and there is considerable motivation to develop an efficient recovery process. In conventional methods of leaching Pd metal, HCl solutions containing oxidizing agents are employed...... More

Abstract
The recovery of valuable metals such as cobalt, nickel, and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has attracted much attention. In this study, a hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of high-purity lithium compounds like Li₂CO₃ and Li₃PO₄ from dust containing Li, Co, Ni, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Si produced during..... More

Abstract
The demand for palladium (Pd) has increased and this has made it necessary to recover pure Pd from diverse secondary resources. To recover the small amount of Pd(II) present in spent electroplating solutions, Pd(II) is concentrated by cementation with zinc metal. In this work, a hydrometallurgical process consisting of leaching..... More

Abstract
Spent electroplating solutions contain a small amount of Pd(II). This Pd(II) can be concentrated by cementation with zinc metal powder. In order to recover pure palladium, a hydrometallurgical process consisting of leaching followed by solvent extraction was developed in this work. First, suitable extractants for the selective extraction of Pd(II)..... More

Abstract
Spent electroplating solutions contain small amounts of Pd(II). Cementation of Pd(II) with zinc metal powder is practiced to concentrate the Pd. Dissolution of the cemented Pd metal is necessary to recover pure Pd metal or compounds. In this work, the leaching behavior of Pd metal in inorganic acid solutions (hydrochloric..... More

Abstract
Ionic liquids have emerged in hydrometallurgy as potential extractants for metals. In this work, the interactions of ALiCY (R₄N⁺A^-) synthesized by Aliquat336 and Cyanex272, and a mixture of ALiCY and TBP, were analyzed using extraction data and FT-IR spectroscopy. Co(II) and Ni(II) were extracted from two HCl concentrations (1.0×10^-4 and..... More

Abstract
Fe(III) can be easily extracted from weak acidic solutions by organophosphorus extractants, but stripping a large amount of Fe(III) from the loaded extractants is very difficult. The extraction and stripping of Fe(III) from 2 pH chloride and sulfate solutions was performed with ionic liquids(ILs) and organophosphorus acidic extractants, and the..... More

Abstract
Spent lithium ion batteries contain cobalt, copper, lithium, manganese and nickel. Recovery of these metals with high purity from spent lithium ion batteries is of importance. A sulfuric acid solution is generally employed for the treatment of spent lithium ion batteries, but it is difficult to separate these metal ions..... More

Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks are used in many applications, such as gas separation, catalysis, and the synthesis of nanomaterials. Metal-organic frameworks show superior stability at high temperature, which makes them potentially useful for the adsorption of metal ions from leaching solutions at high temperature. In this work, UIO-66-NH₂, a zirconium(IV) based metal-organic..... More

Abstract
Terbium and dysprosium are rare earth elements which are employed in the manufacture of advanced materials. Separating Tb(III) and Dy(III) is very complicated because their chemical properties are similar. In order to develop a separation process based on solvent extraction, extraction and scrubbing experiments were conducted using weak hydrochloric solutions..... More

Abstract
During the extraction of metal ions from a weak acidic chloride solution by ionic liquids consisting of an organophosphorus extractant and Aliquat 336, the equilibrium pH is sometimes observed to be higher than the initial pH. To compare the hydrogen ion extraction behavior of tertiary and quaternary amines, Alamine 336,..... More

Abstract
Aluminum dross results from the re-melting of used aluminum cans, and is a valuable resource containing alumina. In general, aluminum dross contains oxides of Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Si and Ti and some salts. As a continuation of the previous work to recover pure alumina from the dross, the effect..... More

Abstract
Cyanex 272 shows the highest separation factor for the rare earth elements from hydrochloric acid solution among the organophosporus acidic extractants, D2EHPA and PC 88A. Solvent extraction of Tb(III) from weak hydrochloric acid solution with an initial pH 3 to 6 was compared with Cyanex 272, its mixture with Alamine..... More

Abstract
The separation of Re(VII) and V(V) by solvent extraction with TBP was investigated by varying the HCl, metal and chloride ion concentrations. Re(VII) was selectively extracted over V(V) from the HCl solution. The highest separation between Re(VII) and V(V) occurred at a concentration of 2.0 M HCl. The extraction reaction..... More

Abstract
The solvent extraction of tungsten(VI) from hydrochloric acid solutions using 5,8-diethyl- 7-hydroxydodecan-6-one oxime (LIX 63) was analyzed in solutions having an initial pH range from 2 to 5, by varying the concentration of metal and extractant. In our experimental range, the cationic exchange reaction as well as the solvation reaction..... More

Abstract
Solvent extraction was employed to recover precious metals (Au (III), Pd (II) and Pt (IV)) from the leach solution of spent electronic wastes containing Cu (II), Cr (III) and Fe (III). First, pure Fe (III) and Au (III) were recovered by simultaneous extraction with Cyanex 923 followed by selective stripping..... More

Abstract
During the selective extraction of Pd(II) by LIX 63 from 6 M HCl solutions containing platinum group metals, an oxidation-reduction reaction occurs between the LIX 63 and Ir(IV). Since the reduced Ir(III) cannot be extracted by solvating and amine extractants, the oxidation-reduction reaction has a significant effect on the separation..... More

Smelting & Refining

Abstract
Mixtures of acidic extractants and LIX 63 were employed to improve the extraction efficiency of Pr and Nd from chloride solutions. The effect of the composition of the extractant mixtures has been studied. The order of metal extraction by single acidic extractant was D2EHPA > PC88A > Cyanex 272 >..... More